Mechanisms of Action
Cytokine
Small signaling proteins released by immune cells to regulate inflammation and immunity.
Cytokines are small signaling proteins secreted by immune and other cells to regulate inflammation, immunity, and cell communication. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) amplify inflammatory responses, while anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4) resolve inflammation. Chronic elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines drives systemic inflammation linked to numerous diseases. Several supplements modulate cytokine profiles: omega-3 fatty acids reduce TNF-α and IL-6, curcumin inhibits NF-κB-mediated cytokine production, and vitamin D promotes anti-inflammatory IL-10.